Elizabeth Sydenham ( m. 1585) Nickname El Draque (Spanish), Draco (Latin, 'The Dragon') Type Allegiance Years active 1563–1596 Rank Base of operations Commands (previously known as Pelican) Battles/wars Wealth Est. 133.8 million in 2018; #2 top-earning pirates Signature Sir Francis Drake ( c. 1540 – 28 January 1596 ) was an English, and of the. Drake carried out the second of the world in a single expedition, from 1577 to 1580, and was the first to complete the voyage as captain while leading the expedition throughout the entire circumnavigation. With his incursion into the, he claimed for the English and inaugurated an era of conflict with the Spanish on the western coast of the Americas, an area that had previously been largely unexplored by western shipping. Awarded Drake a in 1581 which he received on the in Deptford.
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As a, he was second-in-command of the English fleet in the battle against the in 1588. He died of in January 1596, after unsuccessfully attacking. Drake's exploits made him a hero to the English, but his led the Spanish to brand him a, known to them as El Draque. King allegedly offered a reward for his capture or death of 20,000, about £6 million (US$8 million) in modern currency. By, 1581, reverse of 'Drake Jewel', inscribed Aetatis suae 42, An(n)o D(omi)ni 1581 ('42 years of his age, 1581 AD') Francis Drake was born in, England. Although his birth date is not formally recorded, it is known that he was born while the were in force.
His birth date is estimated from contemporary sources such as: 'Drake was two and twenty when he obtained the command of the Judith' (1566). This would date his birth to 1544. A date of c.1540 is suggested from two portraits: one a painted by in 1581 when he was allegedly 42, so born circa 1539, while the other, painted in 1594 when he was said to be 53, would give a birth year of around 1541. He was the oldest of the twelve sons of Edmund Drake (1518–1585), a farmer, and his wife Mary Mylwaye. The first son was alleged to have been named after his. Because of religious persecution during the in 1549, the Drake family fled from to.
There Drake's father obtained an appointment to minister the men in the King's Navy. He was ordained deacon and was made vicar of Church on the. Drake's father apprenticed him to his neighbour, the master of a used for coastal trade transporting merchandise to France. The ship's master was so satisfied with the young Drake's conduct that, being unmarried and childless at his death, he bequeathed the barque to Drake. Marriage and family Francis Drake married Mary Newman at church, Plymouth, in July 1569.
She died 12 years later, in 1581. In 1585, Drake married Elizabeth Sydenham—born circa 1562, the only child of Sir George Sydenham, of, who was the. After Drake's death, the widow Elizabeth eventually married Sir of.
Career at sea. Drake Jewel, on loan at the, London At the age of eighteen he was of a ship which sailed to the. At twenty he made a voyage to the coast of. In 1563, Drake, aged 23, made his first voyage to the, sailing with his second cousin, Sir, on one of a fleet of ships owned by his relatives, the Hawkins family of. He made three voyages with this fleet, attacking towns and ships on the coast of. They then sailed to the and sold the captured cargoes of slaves to Spanish.
Is considered to have been the first English. Hawkins made three such expeditions, the first in 1563, second in 1564 and the third expedition ending in the ill-fated 1568. In 1568, Drake was on his third expedition with the Hawkins fleet when, whilst negotiating to resupply and repair at a Spanish port in, the fleet was attacked by Spanish warships, with all but two of the English ships lost.
He escaped along with John Hawkins, surviving the attack by swimming. Drake's hostility towards the is said to have started with this incident. Following the, Drake vowed revenge. In 1570, his reputation enabled him to proceed to the with two vessels under his command. He renewed his visit the next year for the sole purpose of obtaining information. In 1572, he embarked on his first major independent enterprise.
He planned an attack on the, known to the Spanish as and the English as the. This was the point at which the silver and gold treasure of had to be landed and sent overland to the, where galleons from would pick it up at the town of. Drake left Plymouth on 24 May 1572, with a crew of 73 men in two small vessels, the Pascha (70 tons) and the Swan (25 tons), to capture Nombre de Dios. His first raid was late in July 1572. Drake and his men captured the town and its treasure. When his men noticed that Drake was bleeding profusely from a wound, they insisted on withdrawing to save his life and left the treasure.
Drake stayed in the area for almost a year, raiding Spanish shipping and attempting to capture a treasure shipment. A map of Drake's route around the world. The northern limit of Drake's exploration of the Pacific coast of North America is still in dispute. With the success of the Panama isthmus raid in 1577, sent Drake to start an expedition against the Spanish along the coast of the Americas.
Drake used the plans that Sir had received the patent for in 1574 from Elizabeth, which was rescinded a year later after protests from Philip of Spain. He set out from Plymouth on 15 November 1577, but bad weather threatened him and his fleet. They were forced to take refuge in, from where they returned to Plymouth for repair. After this major setback, Drake set sail again on 13 December aboard with four other ships and 164 men. He soon added a sixth ship, Mary (formerly Santa Maria), a Portuguese merchant ship that had been captured off the coast of Africa near the. He also added its captain, Nuno da Silva, a man with considerable experience navigating in South American waters.
Drake's fleet suffered great attrition; he scuttled both Christopher and the Swan due to loss of men on the Atlantic crossing. He made landfall at the gloomy bay of, in what is now. Ferdinand Magellan had called here half a century earlier, where he put to death some mutineers. Drake's men saw weathered and bleached skeletons on the grim Spanish. Following Magellan's example, Drake tried and executed his own 'mutineer'. The crew discovered that Mary had rotting timbers, so they burned the ship. Drake decided to remain the winter in San Julian before attempting the.
Execution of Thomas Doughty. Bronze statue in Tavistock, in the parish of which he was born, by, 1883.
On his voyage to interfere with Spanish treasure fleets, Drake had several quarrels with his co-commander Thomas Doughty and on 3 June 1578, accused him of witchcraft and charged him with and in a shipboard trial. Drake claimed to have a (never presented) commission from the Queen to carry out such acts and denied Doughty a trial in England. The main pieces of evidence against Doughty were the testimony of the ship's carpenter, Edward Bright, who after the trial was promoted to master of the ship Marigold, and Doughty's admission of telling, a vocal opponent of agitating the Spanish, of the intent of the voyage.
Drake consented to his request of and dined with him, of which had this strange account: And after this holy repast, they dined also at the same table together, as cheerfully, in sobriety, as ever in their lives they had done aforetime, each cheering up the other, and taking their leave, by drinking each to other, as if some journey only had been in hand. Drake had Thomas Doughty beheaded on 2 July 1578.
When the ship's chaplain Francis Fletcher in a sermon suggested that the woes of the voyage in January 1580 were connected to the unjust demise of Doughty, Drake chained the clergyman to a hatch cover and pronounced him excommunicated. Entering the Pacific (1578). Drake's landing in California, engraving published 1590 by After looting the Cacafuego, Drake turned north, hoping to meet another Spanish treasure ship coming south on its return from.
Although he failed to find a treasure ship, Drake reputedly sailed as far north as the 38th parallel, landing on the coast of California on 17 June 1579. He found a good port, landed, repaired and restocked his vessels, then stayed for a time, keeping friendly relations with the natives. He claimed the land in the name of the for the English Crown, called — for 'New Britain'.
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Assertions that he left some of his men behind as an embryo 'colony' are founded on the reduced number who were with him in the. The precise location of the port was carefully guarded to keep it secret from the Spaniards, and several of Drake's maps may have been altered to this end. All first-hand records from the voyage, including logs, paintings and charts, were lost when burned in 1698. A bronze plaque inscribed with Drake's claim to the new lands – – fitting the description in his account, was discovered in, California but was later declared a hoax.
Now a, the officially recognised location of Drake's is, California. Across the Pacific and around Africa Drake left the Pacific coast, heading southwest to catch the winds that would carry his ship across the Pacific, and a few months later reached the, a group of islands in the western Pacific, in eastern modern-day. While there, Golden Hind became caught on a reef and was almost lost. After the sailors waited three days for convenient tides and had dumped cargo, they freed the barque. Befriending a sultan king of the Moluccas, Drake and his men became involved in some intrigues with the Portuguese there.
He made multiple stops on his way toward the tip of Africa, eventually rounded the, and reached by 22 July 1580. Return to Plymouth (1580) On 26 September, Golden Hind sailed into Plymouth with Drake and 59 remaining crew aboard, along with a rich cargo of spices and captured Spanish treasures. The Queen's half-share of the cargo surpassed the rest of the crown's income for that entire year. Drake was hailed as the first Englishman to circumnavigate the Earth (and the second such voyage arriving with at least one ship intact, after 's in 1520). The Queen declared that all written accounts of Drake's voyages were to become the Queen's secrets of the Realm, and Drake and the other participants of his voyages on the pain of death sworn to their secrecy; she intended to keep Drake's activities away from the eyes of rival Spain. Drake presented the Queen with a jewel token commemorating the circumnavigation.
Taken as a prize off the Pacific coast of Mexico, it was made of enamelled gold and bore an African diamond and a ship with an ebony hull. For her part, the Queen gave Drake a jewel with her portrait, an unusual gift to bestow upon a commoner, and one that Drake sported proudly in his 1591 portrait by now at the, Greenwich. On one side is a state portrait of Elizabeth by the miniaturist, on the other a cameo of double portrait busts, a regal woman and an African male. The 'Drake Jewel', as it is known today, is a rare documented survivor among sixteenth-century jewels; it is conserved at the, London. Award of knighthood. Sir Francis Drake with his new heraldic, with motto: Sic Parvis Magna, translated literally: 'Thus great things from small things (come)'. The hand out of the clouds is labelled Auxilio Divino, or 'With Divine Help' awarded Drake a knighthood aboard Golden Hind in Deptford on 4 April 1581; the being performed by a French diplomat, Monsieur de Marchaumont, who was negotiating for Elizabeth to marry the King of France's brother,.
By getting the French diplomat involved in the knighting, Elizabeth was gaining the implicit political support of the French for Drake's actions. During the Victorian era, in a spirit of nationalism, the story was promoted that Elizabeth I had done the knighting. Award of arms After receiving his knighthood Drake unilaterally adopted the of the ancient Devon family of Drake of, near, to whom he claimed a distant but unspecified kinship. These arms were: Argent, a wings displayed and tail nowed gules, and the crest, a dexter arm Proper grasping a battle axe Sable, headed Argent. The head of that family, also a distinguished sailor, Sir (d.1586), angrily refuted Sir Francis's claimed kinship and his right to bear his family's arms. That dispute led to 'a box in the ear' being given to Sir Francis by Sir Bernard at court, as recorded by in his 'Worthies of Devon' (1697).
Queen Elizabeth, to assuage matters, awarded Sir Francis his own coat of arms, as follows: Sable a fess wavy between two pole-stars Arctic and Antarctic argent; and for his crest, a ship on a globe under ruff, held by a cable with a hand out of the clouds; over it this motto, Auxilio Divino; underneath, Sic Parvis Magna; in the rigging whereof is hung up by the heels a wivern, gules, which was the arms of Sir Bernard Drake. The motto, Sic Parvis Magna, translated literally, is: 'Thus great things from small things (come)'. The hand out of the clouds, labelled Auxilio Divino, means 'With Divine Help'. The full achievement is depicted in the form of a large coloured plaster overmantel in the Lifetimes Gallery at Buckland Abbey Nevertheless, Drake continued to his new arms with the wyvern gules. The arms adopted by his nephew (1588–1637) of were the arms of Drake of Ash, but the wyvern without a 'nowed' (knotted) tail. Arms of Drake of Ash: Argent, a wings displayed and tail nowed gules.
The Drake family of Crowndale and Buckland Abbey used the same arms but the tail of the wyvern is not nowed (knotted) Political career Drake was politically astute, and although known for his private and military endeavours, he was an influential figure in politics during the time he spent in Britain. Often abroad, there is little evidence to suggest he was active in Westminster, despite being a member of parliament on three occasions.
After returning from his voyage of circumnavigation, Drake became the Mayor of, in September 1581. He became a member of parliament during a session of the 4th Parliament of, on 16 January 1581, for the constituency of. He did not actively participate at this point, and on 17 February 1581 he was granted leave of absence 'for certain his necessary business in the service of her Majesty'. Drake became a member of parliament again in 1584 for on the forming of the 5th Parliament of Elizabeth I. He served the duration of the parliament and was active in issues regarding the navy, fishing, early American colonisation, and issues related chiefly to. He spent the time covered by the next two parliamentary terms engaged in other duties and an expedition to. He became a member of parliament for in 1593.
He was active in issues of interest to Plymouth as a whole, but also to emphasize defence against the Spanish. Purchase of Buckland Abbey In 1580, Drake purchased, a large manor house near Yelverton in Devon, via intermediaries from Sir Richard Greynvile. He lived there for fifteen years, until his final voyage, and it remained in his family for several generations. Buckland Abbey is now in the care of the and a number of mementos of his life are displayed there. Great Expedition to America. Map of Drake's Great Expedition in 1585 by War had already been declared by Phillip II after the, so the Queen through ordered Sir Francis Drake to lead an expedition to attack the Spanish colonies in a kind of.
An expedition left Plymouth in September 1585 with Drake in command of twenty-one ships with 1,800 soldiers under. He first attacked in Spain and held the place for two weeks ransoming supplies. He then in the Cape Verde islands after which the fleet then sailed across the Atlantic, of, and of in present-day Colombia. On 6 June 1586, during the return leg of the voyage, the Spanish fort of in. After the raids he then went on to find Sir 's settlement much further north at which he replenished and also took back with him all of the original colonists before Sir Richard Greynvile arrived with supplies and more colonists.
He finally reached England on 22 July, when he sailed into to a hero's welcome. Spanish Armada. Main article: In another pre-emptive strike, Drake 'singed the beard of the King of Spain' in 1587 by sailing a fleet into and also, two of Spain's main ports, and occupied the harbours. He destroyed 37 naval and merchant ships. The attack delayed the Spanish invasion by a year. Over the next month, Drake patrolled the between and, intercepting and destroying ships on the Spanish supply lines. Drake estimated that he captured around 1600–1700 tons of barrel staves, enough to make 25,000 to 30,000 barrels (4,800 m 3) for containing provisions.
Defeat of the Spanish Armada. Drake's burial at sea off. Bronze plaque by, 1883, base of Drake statue, Tavistock. Drake's seafaring career continued into his mid-fifties. In 1595, he the port of Las Palmas, and following a disastrous campaign against Spanish America, where he suffered a number of defeats, he unsuccessfully attacked San Juan de Puerto Rico, eventually losing the.
The Spanish gunners from shot a cannonball through the cabin of Drake's flagship, but he survived. He attempted to attack San Juan again, but a few weeks later, in January 1596, he died (aged about 56) of, a common disease in the tropics at the time, while anchored off the coast of, where some Spanish treasure ships had sought shelter. Following his death, the English fleet withdrew. Before dying, he asked to be dressed in his full armour. He was buried at sea in a sealed lead-lined coffin, near Portobelo, a few miles off the coastline.
It is supposed that his final resting place is near the wrecks of two British ships, the Elizabeth and the Delight, scuttled in Portobelo Bay. Divers continue to search for the coffin. Drake's body has never been recovered. Cultural impact. 1591 portrait, also by Gheeraerts the Younger, wearing the 'Drake Jewel' suspended from a strap, and displaying new arms In the UK there are various places named after him, especially in, Devon.
Places there carrying his name include the naval base , and a and named. Is also home to a statue of Drake. In the United States and of are both named after him, as well as the high school in. The boulevard runs between Drakes Bay at to on. A large hotel in also bears his name. Additionally, the in the bears his name.
In, where some theorize he may also have landed to the north of the usual site considered to be, various mountains were named in the 1930s for him, or in connection with Elizabeth I or other figures of that era, including, and the, the highest mountain on. Drake's will was the focus of a vast which perpetrated in the 1920s and 1930s. He convinced thousands of people, mostly in the American Midwest, that Drake's fortune was being held by the British government, and had compounded to a huge amount. If their last name was Drake they might be eligible for a share if they paid Hartzell to be their agent. The swindle continued until a copy of Drake's will was brought to Hartzell's mail fraud trial and he was convicted and imprisoned.
Has become an icon of with its variation of the classic story. See also., a water supply for Plymouth, promoted by Drake., relative of Sir Francis Drake., Drake's mapmaker References.
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